The problem with all syntax-based writing advice is that it's an extremely poor substitute for taste, and taste has to be developed by years of sitting with prose, good and bad, and seeing what makes you cringe and what gives delight. If you closely read the expert writers and teachers of writing who purvey these rules, you find that none of them follow their own admonitions entirely. That doesn't mean the rules come from nowhere -- in this example, I have observed plenty of novice writers who use adverbs badly, so if you're trying to learn to write well, adverb-dense prose is a common sign of inelegant writing, and a sign that that prose might need some attention. But the solution is not "eliminate the adverbs at all costs" -- the solution is to read closely, feel it grate against your ears, and try revisions until it doesn't grate anymore.
Idk, I can get behind some of it as a mechanical exercise. When I was a young'n and honestly thought I was gonna be an english lit major one of my teachers made me go a whole year without using any prepositional phrases. Did that instantly improve all of my writing? No, in fact everything I turned out under that rule was clunky and overedited. But after that year any time I ran into a prepositional phrase that I didn't like I had the experience to know how to rewrite it effectively. The point is training, not product refinement. Find a device you lean on too much, eliminate it entirely for a while, and emerge from the other side of this process with a better understanding of the crutch, knowledge of several ways to work around it and wisdom to know when to do that. It's not a substitute for taste, it's a tool for developing taste and the ability to refine things to your taste.
What's wrong with using adverbs that don't change the meaning of the word?
"She grins happily". Sure, "She grins" also conveys the same thing, but the two sentences differ in word count.
I personally feel that reading has a rhythm to it, and adding more filler words just to make it coherent with the surrounding sentences isn't bad... fictions, at least...
People forget that Polonius, the source of this quote, used seven lines, the above included, to say that Hamlet is mad. It was meant to be ironic, or a joke.
11 characters. Could omit the period and spaces for 8. Needed to use the meme spelling "smol" since it's shorter than "small". Can we get it shorter without losing the meaning entirely? Maybe `wit□smol` though that's not the syntax for how `□` is used in modal logic, and still 8 characters (though a bit closer to the original meaning).
It’s not that subtle. The latter means that she was happy to grin, the former that she was grinning in a happy way. The line is only really blurred between these in poetic registers.
Like all rules, you can break adverb if you can afford it in your strangeness budget. If you actually have rhythm (which depends highly on context) you can probably afford it. See also the rule that "editing any sentence, in any direction, makes it better".
Most adult writers seem to err by making their sentences too long. Shorter is almost always better; you just need to let the length vary except in passages with deliberate repetition.
The usual advice I have heard is that you should probably think of a better verb/adjective in the first place. For the example you quoted, "She beams" and "Her face lights up [like something]" immediately jump out at me.
Now, looking at all the look-like-adverbs in the article:
exuberantly, conditionally - I can't think of a way to merge either of these into the verb, plus they have pair structure. If not deliberately making a point I would probably change these into adjectives describing the noun'ed verb.
recently - sentence level construct, generally considered fine if you're not overdoing it (I in fact didn't even notice this until I started grepping)
foolishly, incorrectly - these modify a previously-unmodified verb that is deliberately repeated 3 times.
lovely - not an adverb despite looking like one; the other common meaning of "-ly" but unusual for taking an abstract noun
literally - generally can't merge into verbs; actually used correctly for once
swiftly, vigorously - the former has numerous words into which it could merge with the verb; the latter less. But this is clearly an example of deliberately do it for effect
swimmingly - generally can't merge into verbs, especially since it's used for effect
usually - generally can't merge into verbs, so we're stuck with it unless you rewrite to use something like "wont", "custom", ...
inelegantly, wrongheadedly - these could merge (in particular "abuse and misuse" are commonly paired), but are used for effect due to the article topic
unthinkingly - this is emphasized; "without thought" would also work. I can't think of a merge in any case, though there are numerous synonyms
pointlessly - limited merge opportunities in general, usually veering into metaphor territory e.g. "flailed". Also, this particular sentence feels like it is the whole reason adverbs exist.
early - not an adverb despite looking like one. Related to "ere" but that's the wrong part of speech?
quickly, happily, sadly, loudly - these are discussed, not really a part of the article itself
diligently - hard to merge in general
unfortunately - sentence-level
angrily - many merges exist - "shouted", "roared", "grumbled", etc. and this is one of the uncommon cases where killing "said" actually can improve the sentence. The cited "improvement" is ... actually pretty bad though.
frequently - hard to merge; has a synonym "often" which lacks the "-ly" in case you need to fool a blind rule-enforcer
silly - not an adverb and doesn't really look like one despite ending with "ly". It's actually the obsolete "seel" (good, happiness, fortune) + "-y" (resembling)
flatly - a few merge targets exist ("recited", or with some rephrasing you might use "rote") but this isn't an important adverb to eliminate
typically - hard to merge, and possible replacements might be even worse weasel words
lovingly - used as an explicit contrast structure, and few direct merges are in general, but there are many evocative other ways to express it. The article is missing a comma before it.
happily, sadly, quietly, loudly - again, these are discussed in the article itself
really, badly - this is borderline inner dialogue so the informality and simple word choice is beneficial. Many merges exist (note that since these are both adverbs you'll likely still end up with one) if you're in a context that wants them however.
loudly, rudely - discussed for style
surely - the particular shade here is of opinion, which prevents what merges might otherwise be possible
reflexively - probably can't merge, but in this sentence I definitely feel the strangeness budget straining. If this were anything but an article about adverbs I'd take a knife to it.
only - this is an adverb but not for the usual reason. Originally "one" + "-ly" by the usual noun-to-adjective construction, but has fossilized into its own idea (gaining an adverb sense) and should not be avoided. This sentence is a fragment, and the paragraph is full of same-length sentences so I'd be proper and use a comma; if I want the effect that badly then change the rest of the paragraph somehow.
weekly - this is the other other "-ly" rule, used only for time nouns
hilariously - the context is minimal but it's clear this needs to stay; using a mere pair of adjectives doesn't connect the words strongly enough. In other contexts many rephrasings are possible.
"Grins happily", feels awkward, stiff, bloated, and prompts me to expect bad dialogue. The contention is one of style. I can think of a dozen or so logical reasons why this sounds off, but for me it simply smells like bad writing.
I am reminded of the "Tom Swifty"[1], a sort of pun involving an adverb. They gained infamy though the YA books focusing on the adventures of Tom Swift.
Here's a few examples
> "If you want me, I shall be in the attic," said Tom, loftily.
> "The thermostat is set too high," said Tom heatedly.
> "Don't you love sleeping outdoors," Tom said intently.
> "I just dropped the toothpaste," said Tom crestfallenly.
I do this. I think this applies only to adverbs modifying verbs. Adverbs modifying adjectives or participles stay put.
"She runs quick," is a thing I'd say.
"***The topic was hot debated," would be ungrammatical to my ears.
Not sure how widespread it is. I think it just falls out of a natural tendency to elide utterances which don't alter the meaning of a sentence. In many positions it's obvious that an adjective is meant to modify the verb rather than a noun.
It's not a hard and fast rule. In formal writing I'd use adjectives per standard grammar.
Maybe also related to the (standard) use of adjectives as describing the state into which something is transformed by a verb. In "I painted the wall red," "red" is properly an adjective and modifies the transformative act, not the object. I suspect this construction has been unconsciously widened to apply to nontransformative verbs also.
Notably "***she quick runs" sounds highly ungrammatical to my ears.
Flashbacks to my driver's ed teacher in highschool who would say adverbs correctly then correct himself by saying it again without the -ly. This drove me insane. And no I haven't noticed this generally in US english speakers. I would assume some negative things about people who drop the -ly from adverbs.
Oh yes! This works with other intensifiers as well. "Crazy good", "wicked bad", "mad smart", etc. To my ears, eliding the -ly changes the meaning from the literal reading, to specifically the intensifier reading.
The problem with all syntax-based writing advice is that it's an extremely poor substitute for taste, and taste has to be developed by years of sitting with prose, good and bad, and seeing what makes you cringe and what gives delight. If you closely read the expert writers and teachers of writing who purvey these rules, you find that none of them follow their own admonitions entirely. That doesn't mean the rules come from nowhere -- in this example, I have observed plenty of novice writers who use adverbs badly, so if you're trying to learn to write well, adverb-dense prose is a common sign of inelegant writing, and a sign that that prose might need some attention. But the solution is not "eliminate the adverbs at all costs" -- the solution is to read closely, feel it grate against your ears, and try revisions until it doesn't grate anymore.
Idk, I can get behind some of it as a mechanical exercise. When I was a young'n and honestly thought I was gonna be an english lit major one of my teachers made me go a whole year without using any prepositional phrases. Did that instantly improve all of my writing? No, in fact everything I turned out under that rule was clunky and overedited. But after that year any time I ran into a prepositional phrase that I didn't like I had the experience to know how to rewrite it effectively. The point is training, not product refinement. Find a device you lean on too much, eliminate it entirely for a while, and emerge from the other side of this process with a better understanding of the crutch, knowledge of several ways to work around it and wisdom to know when to do that. It's not a substitute for taste, it's a tool for developing taste and the ability to refine things to your taste.
What's wrong with using adverbs that don't change the meaning of the word?
"She grins happily". Sure, "She grins" also conveys the same thing, but the two sentences differ in word count.
I personally feel that reading has a rhythm to it, and adding more filler words just to make it coherent with the surrounding sentences isn't bad... fictions, at least...
Mostly just that it's redundant information. But there's always exceptions to any rule.
I know several people that grin menacingly.
Brevity is the soul of wit.
People forget that Polonius, the source of this quote, used seven lines, the above included, to say that Hamlet is mad. It was meant to be ironic, or a joke.
Plus he was a pompous old fool... his advice shouldn't be taken at face value!
Brevity is wit.
Smol = wit.
11 characters. Could omit the period and spaces for 8. Needed to use the meme spelling "smol" since it's shorter than "small". Can we get it shorter without losing the meaning entirely? Maybe `wit□smol` though that's not the syntax for how `□` is used in modal logic, and still 8 characters (though a bit closer to the original meaning).
That's why we can't have good things.
You could grin menacingly. Or nervously. Or reluctantly.
She grinned happily.
She happily grinned.
Same words. I generally prefer the later, but they have very slight differences in emphasis. Without the adverb, the subtle difference is lost.
It’s not that subtle. The latter means that she was happy to grin, the former that she was grinning in a happy way. The line is only really blurred between these in poetic registers.
Like all rules, you can break adverb if you can afford it in your strangeness budget. If you actually have rhythm (which depends highly on context) you can probably afford it. See also the rule that "editing any sentence, in any direction, makes it better".
Most adult writers seem to err by making their sentences too long. Shorter is almost always better; you just need to let the length vary except in passages with deliberate repetition.
The usual advice I have heard is that you should probably think of a better verb/adjective in the first place. For the example you quoted, "She beams" and "Her face lights up [like something]" immediately jump out at me.
Now, looking at all the look-like-adverbs in the article:
exuberantly, conditionally - I can't think of a way to merge either of these into the verb, plus they have pair structure. If not deliberately making a point I would probably change these into adjectives describing the noun'ed verb.
recently - sentence level construct, generally considered fine if you're not overdoing it (I in fact didn't even notice this until I started grepping)
foolishly, incorrectly - these modify a previously-unmodified verb that is deliberately repeated 3 times.
lovely - not an adverb despite looking like one; the other common meaning of "-ly" but unusual for taking an abstract noun
literally - generally can't merge into verbs; actually used correctly for once
swiftly, vigorously - the former has numerous words into which it could merge with the verb; the latter less. But this is clearly an example of deliberately do it for effect
swimmingly - generally can't merge into verbs, especially since it's used for effect
usually - generally can't merge into verbs, so we're stuck with it unless you rewrite to use something like "wont", "custom", ...
inelegantly, wrongheadedly - these could merge (in particular "abuse and misuse" are commonly paired), but are used for effect due to the article topic
unthinkingly - this is emphasized; "without thought" would also work. I can't think of a merge in any case, though there are numerous synonyms
pointlessly - limited merge opportunities in general, usually veering into metaphor territory e.g. "flailed". Also, this particular sentence feels like it is the whole reason adverbs exist.
early - not an adverb despite looking like one. Related to "ere" but that's the wrong part of speech?
quickly, happily, sadly, loudly - these are discussed, not really a part of the article itself
diligently - hard to merge in general
unfortunately - sentence-level
angrily - many merges exist - "shouted", "roared", "grumbled", etc. and this is one of the uncommon cases where killing "said" actually can improve the sentence. The cited "improvement" is ... actually pretty bad though.
frequently - hard to merge; has a synonym "often" which lacks the "-ly" in case you need to fool a blind rule-enforcer
silly - not an adverb and doesn't really look like one despite ending with "ly". It's actually the obsolete "seel" (good, happiness, fortune) + "-y" (resembling)
flatly - a few merge targets exist ("recited", or with some rephrasing you might use "rote") but this isn't an important adverb to eliminate
typically - hard to merge, and possible replacements might be even worse weasel words
lovingly - used as an explicit contrast structure, and few direct merges are in general, but there are many evocative other ways to express it. The article is missing a comma before it.
happily, sadly, quietly, loudly - again, these are discussed in the article itself
really, badly - this is borderline inner dialogue so the informality and simple word choice is beneficial. Many merges exist (note that since these are both adverbs you'll likely still end up with one) if you're in a context that wants them however.
loudly, rudely - discussed for style
surely - the particular shade here is of opinion, which prevents what merges might otherwise be possible
reflexively - probably can't merge, but in this sentence I definitely feel the strangeness budget straining. If this were anything but an article about adverbs I'd take a knife to it.
only - this is an adverb but not for the usual reason. Originally "one" + "-ly" by the usual noun-to-adjective construction, but has fossilized into its own idea (gaining an adverb sense) and should not be avoided. This sentence is a fragment, and the paragraph is full of same-length sentences so I'd be proper and use a comma; if I want the effect that badly then change the rest of the paragraph somehow.
weekly - this is the other other "-ly" rule, used only for time nouns
hilariously - the context is minimal but it's clear this needs to stay; using a mere pair of adjectives doesn't connect the words strongly enough. In other contexts many rephrasings are possible.
"Grins happily", feels awkward, stiff, bloated, and prompts me to expect bad dialogue. The contention is one of style. I can think of a dozen or so logical reasons why this sounds off, but for me it simply smells like bad writing.
She grinned nervously, sheepishly, awkwardly, dangerously
Much better
I am reminded of the "Tom Swifty"[1], a sort of pun involving an adverb. They gained infamy though the YA books focusing on the adventures of Tom Swift. Here's a few examples
> "If you want me, I shall be in the attic," said Tom, loftily.
> "The thermostat is set too high," said Tom heatedly.
> "Don't you love sleeping outdoors," Tom said intently.
> "I just dropped the toothpaste," said Tom crestfallenly.
[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Swifty
My favorite, plucked from Terry Pratchett:
"I'm a homosexual necrophiliac," said Tom in dead earnest.
The thing I have noticed is that most US-English speakers drop the "ly" from the end of adverbs.
Is that grammatically correct for US English, or is it slang?
I do this. I think this applies only to adverbs modifying verbs. Adverbs modifying adjectives or participles stay put.
"She runs quick," is a thing I'd say.
"***The topic was hot debated," would be ungrammatical to my ears.
Not sure how widespread it is. I think it just falls out of a natural tendency to elide utterances which don't alter the meaning of a sentence. In many positions it's obvious that an adjective is meant to modify the verb rather than a noun.
It's not a hard and fast rule. In formal writing I'd use adjectives per standard grammar.
Maybe also related to the (standard) use of adjectives as describing the state into which something is transformed by a verb. In "I painted the wall red," "red" is properly an adjective and modifies the transformative act, not the object. I suspect this construction has been unconsciously widened to apply to nontransformative verbs also.
Notably "***she quick runs" sounds highly ungrammatical to my ears.
Flashbacks to my driver's ed teacher in highschool who would say adverbs correctly then correct himself by saying it again without the -ly. This drove me insane. And no I haven't noticed this generally in US english speakers. I would assume some negative things about people who drop the -ly from adverbs.
Can you give an example? I've never noticed that (except for certain specific dialects and slang) but I may be blind to it.
I hear it most often with "real": it is real bad, good or weird. The Offspring wants you bad.
Oh yes! This works with other intensifiers as well. "Crazy good", "wicked bad", "mad smart", etc. To my ears, eliding the -ly changes the meaning from the literal reading, to specifically the intensifier reading.
"Think Different" "That went perfect" etc
>“Avoid adverbs” is a common advice in MFA programs
Words fail me, even adverbs seem to be of no help.
You can't write clearly, without an adverb.
Apologize for that comma right now.
It's obviously an attack against the OP's literally competence.
I clearly can't write without,
You can clarify your writing without that sort of modification.
Did I detect a hint of adverbialism in this title?
I would rather do so with conditional exuberance.
But that's non-adverbially.
I upvoted just for the title :)
See also the excellent book "First You Write a Sentence" by Joe Moran.