I wrote a few games on the Spectrum and as with most of its hardware limitations we managed to squeeze quite a lot out of it.
My memory is very hazy, it was well over 40 years ago, but I think keeping the timing under control was was one a big hurdle. Because it was single threaded and there was effectively only one interrupt, screen refresh/flyback, so you had to intersperse the music code into the main code and juggle it to even out the note timing.
I remember one game I wrote for the 16K Spectrum, and thanks to an incredibly clever & musical friend we got something like 30 seconds of a tune that had a passable resemblance to Bach's Toccata in about 20 -30 bytes of code.[1]. Every last byte mattered on that machine.
[1] Not 100% on the details but it was about that. We used a combination of base notes and mathematical progression rather than just playing a score as we could get that smaller. I think I've a dot-matrix printout of the games source code somewhere, assuming the ink hasn't faded.
This massively understates what you could do with the basic 1-bit arrangement. People managed to get music playing during gameplay (I think Manic Miner was first) and even managed to play music with two channels and percussion (Robin of the Wood IIRC).
> and even managed to play music with two channels and percussion (Robin of the Wood IIRC)
You think two channels is the limit? Have you heard title music from Chronos? Full multi-channel polyphony, without relying on sound co-processor. I'm not sure where to find the game itself these days, but I found the music itself here [0] on position 31.
It was possible to connect the MIC or EAR connector (I don't remember exactly which one, as this was 40 years ago) to a cassette recorder and start recording, which caused the cassette recorder to amplify the Spectrum's sound.
And when I'm mentioning cassette recorder - I had a neighbour in my building who also had a Spectrum and whose window was some 12 meters away from my window and once we connected our computer with audio cables (MIC to EAR and vice versa) so one types some short program (or just REM message) and enters SAVE while the other one enters LOAD and gets the message.
Our networking adventure started bad as it turned out that cable had large signal loss so it seemed that this brilliant idea failed but then we connected cassette recorders between computers that hugely amplified signal and thing actually worked.
Experiment ended when a party-line neighbor started complaining that his phone line was unusable for hours - we used phones as yelling through the window while trying to synchronize wasn't producing satisfactory results.
The Spectrum, along with the C64, NES, SNES, etc is still on my to-do list of catching up with computing/gaming history by devving some games for the platforms that started it all ;")
Some seriously great stuff in there - take the time to go through the archives, set up emulators for the winning systems, and study the results. Its one great resource for the budding 8-bit coder ..
And if you're looking for modern hardware that will get you into the scene, the ZX Spectrum Next is pretty badass - has many cores for other systems available as well, so you're not just limited to Spectrum things ..
Depending on your country you might be able to buy a ZX spectrum for a reasonable price. Their through-hole circuit boards are very repairable and there's a some videos on YouTube explaining how to properly troubleshoot them.
I've personally had a lot of fun repairing one I bought on catawiki.
I understand there is an common fault where something, perhaps a capacitor, has failed over the years and if you plug it in something major gets fried.
If you do get one, investigate that before attempting to power it up.
I wrote a few games on the Spectrum and as with most of its hardware limitations we managed to squeeze quite a lot out of it.
My memory is very hazy, it was well over 40 years ago, but I think keeping the timing under control was was one a big hurdle. Because it was single threaded and there was effectively only one interrupt, screen refresh/flyback, so you had to intersperse the music code into the main code and juggle it to even out the note timing.
I remember one game I wrote for the 16K Spectrum, and thanks to an incredibly clever & musical friend we got something like 30 seconds of a tune that had a passable resemblance to Bach's Toccata in about 20 -30 bytes of code.[1]. Every last byte mattered on that machine.
[1] Not 100% on the details but it was about that. We used a combination of base notes and mathematical progression rather than just playing a score as we could get that smaller. I think I've a dot-matrix printout of the games source code somewhere, assuming the ink hasn't faded.
This massively understates what you could do with the basic 1-bit arrangement. People managed to get music playing during gameplay (I think Manic Miner was first) and even managed to play music with two channels and percussion (Robin of the Wood IIRC).
> and even managed to play music with two channels and percussion (Robin of the Wood IIRC)
You think two channels is the limit? Have you heard title music from Chronos? Full multi-channel polyphony, without relying on sound co-processor. I'm not sure where to find the game itself these days, but I found the music itself here [0] on position 31.
[0] https://zxart.ee/music/top
> I'm not sure where to find the game itself these days
Here you go:
https://torinak.com/qaop/play/chronos
Some games even used it for (attempted) speech synthesis:
https://spectrumgamesuk.com/index.php?game=Meteor-Storm
"...possibly the first game with speech synthesis, albeit sounding like an unintelligble gargle."
I could never understand what it said when I played that game back in time, but today I learned that it was "Meteor Alert! Meteor Alert!"
Quicksilva later improved their speech engine. QS Chess, for example, clearly said "This is the Chess Player".
It was possible to connect the MIC or EAR connector (I don't remember exactly which one, as this was 40 years ago) to a cassette recorder and start recording, which caused the cassette recorder to amplify the Spectrum's sound.
And when I'm mentioning cassette recorder - I had a neighbour in my building who also had a Spectrum and whose window was some 12 meters away from my window and once we connected our computer with audio cables (MIC to EAR and vice versa) so one types some short program (or just REM message) and enters SAVE while the other one enters LOAD and gets the message. Our networking adventure started bad as it turned out that cable had large signal loss so it seemed that this brilliant idea failed but then we connected cassette recorders between computers that hugely amplified signal and thing actually worked.
Experiment ended when a party-line neighbor started complaining that his phone line was unusable for hours - we used phones as yelling through the window while trying to synchronize wasn't producing satisfactory results.
Fun times.
The Spectrum, along with the C64, NES, SNES, etc is still on my to-do list of catching up with computing/gaming history by devving some games for the platforms that started it all ;")
You will find the 10-line Basic Programming Competition quite useful in your endeavours, I'd wager:
https://gkanold.wixsite.com/homeputerium/rules-2026
Some seriously great stuff in there - take the time to go through the archives, set up emulators for the winning systems, and study the results. Its one great resource for the budding 8-bit coder ..
And if you're looking for modern hardware that will get you into the scene, the ZX Spectrum Next is pretty badass - has many cores for other systems available as well, so you're not just limited to Spectrum things ..
https://www.specnext.com/
The Retro Games TheSpectrum is not a bad starting point [1], it's very close to the original and you can use HDMI video output and USB power.
[1] https://retrogames.biz/products/thespectrum/
It's a Spectrum-like keyboard on an emulator running on a Raspberry Pi like CPU. Nothing like the original imo.
For sure, nothing like the original, but it's a cheap, quick way to get you started.
Why not just load an emulator then?
Depending on your country you might be able to buy a ZX spectrum for a reasonable price. Their through-hole circuit boards are very repairable and there's a some videos on YouTube explaining how to properly troubleshoot them.
I've personally had a lot of fun repairing one I bought on catawiki.
> Depending on your country you might be able to buy a ZX spectrum for a reasonable price.
Bought one at a garage sale for 5 EUR. I'm pretty sure it does not work. Haven't tried it: I still have a good old CRT TV so I could.
But when people talk about coding for these 8-bit machines, they usually mean they'll target an emulator.
I understand there is an common fault where something, perhaps a capacitor, has failed over the years and if you plug it in something major gets fried.
If you do get one, investigate that before attempting to power it up.